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Publications

Search Institute publications provide a wealth of information and analysis to help you understand and strengthen relationships with young people. Below, you’ll find links to research-to-practice reports, peer-review publications, literature reviews, and scholarly articles that share and apply findings from our research.

2025

Collegial relationships as a vehicle for adult SEL: Educator relationships and the development of adult social and emotional competencies

Social and Emotional Learning: Research, Practice, and Policy

Authors: Lex Nappa, Ta-yang Hsieh

2025

2025 State of Developmental Relationships

State of Developmental Relationships

Authors: Search Institute

2024

2024 State of Developmental Relationships

State of Developmental Relationships

Authors: Search Institute

2024

Positioning Mentors as Social Capital Builders

Insights & Evidence Series. Minneapolis: Search Institute.

Authors: A. A. Boat, E. Van Steenis, H. Poparad

2024

Validation of a youth social capital scale informed by positive youth development

Applied Developmental Science

Authors: A. A. Boat, M. D. Seward, Chen-Yu Wu, P. C. Scales

2024

The role of organized activities in supporting young people’s social capital development: A qualitative meta-synthesis

Adolescent Research Review

Authors: A. A. Boat, H. Poparad, M. Seward, P. C. Scales

2023

Effects of Developmental Relationships on the Well-Being of Youth in High-Stress Families

Family Relations, 72(5)

Authors: P. C. Scales, E. C. Roehlkepartain, B. J. Houltberg

2023

Thriving and Sparks

Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_199-2

Authors: P.C. Scales, N. Redmond, P.L. Benson

2022

Developmental Relationships and Student Motivation: Current Research and Future Directions

Handbook of Research on Student Engagement, 2nd ed.

Authors: P. C. Scales, K. Pekel, B. J. Houltberg

2022

Developmental Assets and Developmental Relationships

Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 2nd ed.

Authors: P. C. Scales, T-Y Hsieh, P. L. Benson

2022

Supportive Relationships Promote Social-Emotional Skills and Work Readiness among Rural, Out-of-School African Youth

Journal of Social Development in Africa, 37(1)

Authors: P. C. Scales, N. D'Sa, E. Gebru, C-Y Wu

2022

Enhancing education and career pathways through peer and near-peer social capital

Journal of Youth and Adolescence

Authors: A. A. Boat, A. Miranda, A. K. Syvertsen

2022

Embedding research-based practices: Learnings from the TUTOR Project

Embedding research-based practices: Learnings from the TUTOR Project

Authors: Diane Hseih

2022

The elements of Developmental Relationships: A review of selected research underlying the framework

The elements of Developmental Relationships: A review of selected research underlying the framework

Authors: Peter C. Scales, Eugene C. Roehlkepartain, Benjamin J. Houltberg

2022

A Comparison of Contexts: How the Performing Arts, Sports, and Nature Conservation Foster Positive Youth Development

A Comparison of Contexts: How the Performing Arts, Sports, and Nature Conservation Foster Positive Youth Development

Authors: Ashley A. Boat, Alyssa Scott, Peter C. Scales, Amy K. Syvertsen

2021

Centering race and ethnicity in understanding developmental relationships with families

Search Institute

Authors: S. Holquist, D. Hsieh, A. Scott, F. Opakunle, N. Redmond

2021

Relational social capital and educational equity among middle-school students: A person-centered analysis

Applied Developmental Science

Authors: P. Scales, M. Shramko, A. K. Syvertsen, A. A. Boat

2021

The role of social capital in promoting work readiness among opportunity youth

Children and Youth Services Review

Authors: A. A. Boat, A. K. Syvertsen, P. C. Scales

2021

Building Relationships and Addressing Trauma During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Insights & Evidence Series. Minneapolis: Search Institute.

Authors: Search Institute

2021

The State of Relationships: Young People’s Relationships with Adults in Minnesota Schools and Out-of-School Time Programs

[Insights & Evidence Series]. Minneapolis: Search Institute. Report for the Carlson Family Foundation.

Authors: A. A. Boat, A. K. Syvertsen, C Eisenberg

2020

Competing discourses of power in teachers’ stories of challenging relationships with students

Power and Education, 1-18. doi:10.1177/1757743820931118

Authors: R. Chamberlain, P. C. Scales, J. Sethi

2020

Effects of developmental relationships on middle-school students’ motivation and performance

Psychology in the Schools Doi.org/10.1002/pits.22350

Authors: P. C. Scales, M. Van Boekel, A. K. Syvertsen, E. C. Roehlkepartain

2020

The Intersection of Developmental Relationships, Equitable Environments, and SEL

[Insights & Evidence Series]. Minneapolis, MN

Authors: Search Institute

2020

Defining and Measuring Social Capital for Young People: A Practical Review of the Literature on Resource-Full Relationships

Minneapolis: Search Institute. Report for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Authors: P. C. Scales, A. Boat, K. Pekel

2020

"It Was a Support Network System that Made Me Believe in Myself": Understanding Youth and Young Adults’ Experiences of Social Capital in Six Innovative Programs

Minneapolis: Search Institute. Report for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Authors: A. Boat, J. Sethi, C. Eisenberg, R. Chamberlain

2019

Academic year changes in student-teacher developmental relationships and their linkage to middle and high school students’ motivation: A mixed methods study

The Journal of Early Adolescence doi:10.1177/0272431619858414

Authors: P. C. Scales, K. Pekel, J. Sethi, R. Chamberlain, M. Van Boekel

2019

A place to belong: How youth think about growing up—and staying—in the Itasca area

Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, and Grand Rapids, MN: SPARK—Stronger Futures for All.

Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain

2019

Good friends … Online & in person: How Itasca area youth think about friends and social media

Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, and Grand Rapids, MN: SPARK—Stronger Futures for All.

Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain

2019

Helping kids thrive at home: How Itasca area youth experience strength and resilience in their relationships with parents and grandparents

Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, and Grand Rapids, MN: SPARK—Stronger Futures for All.

Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain

2019

Learning through relationships: How strong connections with teachers propel student motivation in school

Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, and Grand Rapids, MN: SPARK—Stronger Futures for All.

Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain

2019

Opportunities to grow: Relationships, activities, interests, and activities that engage Itasca area youth beyond the school day

Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, and Grand Rapids, MN: SPARK—Stronger Futures for All.

Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain

2019

Moving Beyond Relationships Matter: An Overview of One Organization’s Work in Progress

Journal of Youth Development 14(4) doi:10.5195/jyd.2019.909

Authors: K. Pekel

2018

Finding the fluoride: Examining how and why developmental relationships are the active ingredient in interventions that work

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(5), 493-502. doi:10.1037/ort0000333

Authors: K. Pekel, E. C. Roehlkepartain, A. K. Syvertsen, P. C. Scales, T. K. Sullivan, J. Sethi

2018

Developmental assets and developmental relationships

In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781506307633.n211

Authors: P. C. Scales

2018

The contribution of nonfamily adults to adolescent well-being: A global research and policy perspective

In J. E. Lansford & P. Banati (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Authors: P. C. Scales

Digging into family relationships: What really matters?

Blog for the National Center for Families Learning

Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain

2018

Remember the relationships: The missing link that makes measures of students’ social and emotional learning more understandable and actionable

Blog for the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning

Authors: P. C. Scales, K. Pekel

2017

The Recipe of Youth Success

[Stanford Social Innovation Review] Stanford University, and Stanford Center on Philanthropy and Civil Society.

Authors: K. Pekel

2017

Beyond the family: How Itasca Area adults can–and do–create caring, strong connections with youth

Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, and Grand Rapids, MN: SPARK—Stronger Futures for All

Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain

2017

Relationships first: Creating connections that help young people thrive

Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.34486.09282

Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain, K. Pekel, A. K. Syvertsen, J. Sethi, T. K. Sullivan, P. C. Scales

2017

A snapshot of developmental relationships between parents and youth

Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute.

Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain, A. K. Syvertsen, C.-W. Yu

2017

High-quality OST activities and programs: Using the RISE approach (Relationships, interests and sparks, and empowerment) to promote thriving in youth and their settings

In H. J. Malone & T. Donahue (Eds.), The Growing Out-of-School Time Field: Past, Present, and Future. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing

Authors: P. C. Scales

2016

Thriving in school: The role of sixth-grade adolescent–parent–school relationships in predicting eighth-grade academic outcomes

Youth & Society, 48(6), 739-762. doi: 10.1177/0044118X13512858

Authors: D. F. Perkins, A. K. Syvertsen, C. Mincemoyer, S. M. Chilenski, J. R. Olson, E. Berrena, R. Spoth

2016

The dimensions of successful young adult development: A conceptual and measurement framework

Applied Developmental Science, 20 (3), 150-174. doi:10.1080/10888691.2015.1082429

Authors: P. C. Scales, P. L. Benson, S. Oesterle, K. Hill, J. D. Hawkins, T. J. Pashak

2016

Developmental assets and sexual and reproductive health among 10-to 14-year-olds in Northern Uganda

International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 7(1), 45-64. doi:10.18357/ijcyfs.71201615416

Authors: P. C. Scales, M. Shramko, K. Ashburn

2016

The crucial coaching relationship

Phi Delta Kappan. 97(8)

Authors: P. C. Scales

2016

The power of peer relationships: A study of peer programs in the United States (summary)

Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute

Authors: T. K. Sullivan, J. Sethi, E. C. Roehlkepartain

2014

Community developmental assets and positive youth development: The role of natural mentors

Special issue on Familial and Non-Familial Relationships as Ecological Sources of Health and Positive Development Across the Life Span—A View of the Issues

Authors: S. S. O. Schwartz, C. S. Chan, J. E. Rhodes, P. C. Scales