Publications
Search Institute publications provide a wealth of information and analysis to help you understand and strengthen relationships with young people. Below, you’ll find links to research-to-practice reports, peer-review publications, literature reviews, and scholarly articles that share and apply findings from our research.
2025
Ties in Tumultuous Times: Educators’ Workplace Relationships as the Intersection of People, Policy, and Politics
AERA Open, 11
Authors: Melanie Muskin, Ta-yang Hsieh
2025
Collegial relationships as a vehicle for adult SEL: Educator relationships and the development of adult social and emotional competencies
Social and Emotional Learning: Research, Practice, and Policy
Authors: Lex Nappa, Ta-yang Hsieh
2025
2025 State of Developmental Relationships
State of Developmental Relationships
Authors: Search Institute
2024
2024 State of Developmental Relationships
State of Developmental Relationships
Authors: Search Institute
2024
Positioning Mentors as Social Capital Builders
Insights & Evidence Series. Minneapolis: Search Institute.
Authors: A. A. Boat, E. Van Steenis, H. Poparad
2024
Validation of a youth social capital scale informed by positive youth development
Applied Developmental Science
Authors: A. A. Boat, M. D. Seward, Chen-Yu Wu, P. C. Scales
2024
The role of organized activities in supporting young people’s social capital development: A qualitative meta-synthesis
Adolescent Research Review
Authors: A. A. Boat, H. Poparad, M. Seward, P. C. Scales
2023
Effects of Developmental Relationships on the Well-Being of Youth in High-Stress Families
Family Relations, 72(5)
Authors: P. C. Scales, E. C. Roehlkepartain, B. J. Houltberg
2023
Thriving and Sparks
Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_199-2
Authors: P.C. Scales, N. Redmond, P.L. Benson
2023
Mentoring Relationships as Catalysts for Strengthening Youth Social Capital: Findings from DREAM’s Village Mentoring Program
Authors: A.A. Boat, H. Poparad, D. Hsieh
2022
Developmental Relationships and Student Motivation: Current Research and Future Directions
Handbook of Research on Student Engagement, 2nd ed.
Authors: P. C. Scales, K. Pekel, B. J. Houltberg
2022
Developmental Assets and Developmental Relationships
Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 2nd ed.
Authors: P. C. Scales, T-Y Hsieh, P. L. Benson
2022
Supportive Relationships Promote Social-Emotional Skills and Work Readiness among Rural, Out-of-School African Youth
Journal of Social Development in Africa, 37(1)
Authors: P. C. Scales, N. D'Sa, E. Gebru, C-Y Wu
2022
Enhancing education and career pathways through peer and near-peer social capital
Journal of Youth and Adolescence
Authors: A. A. Boat, A. Miranda, A. K. Syvertsen
2022
Embedding research-based practices: Learnings from the TUTOR Project
Embedding research-based practices: Learnings from the TUTOR Project
Authors: Diane Hseih
2022
The elements of Developmental Relationships: A review of selected research underlying the framework
The elements of Developmental Relationships: A review of selected research underlying the framework
Authors: Peter C. Scales, Eugene C. Roehlkepartain, Benjamin J. Houltberg
2022
A Comparison of Contexts: How the Performing Arts, Sports, and Nature Conservation Foster Positive Youth Development
A Comparison of Contexts: How the Performing Arts, Sports, and Nature Conservation Foster Positive Youth Development
Authors: Ashley A. Boat, Alyssa Scott, Peter C. Scales, Amy K. Syvertsen
2021
Centering race and ethnicity in understanding developmental relationships with families
Search Institute
Authors: S. Holquist, D. Hsieh, A. Scott, F. Opakunle, N. Redmond
2021
Relational social capital and educational equity among middle-school students: A person-centered analysis
Applied Developmental Science
Authors: P. Scales, M. Shramko, A. K. Syvertsen, A. A. Boat
2021
The role of social capital in promoting work readiness among opportunity youth
Children and Youth Services Review
Authors: A. A. Boat, A. K. Syvertsen, P. C. Scales
2021
Building Relationships and Addressing Trauma During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Insights & Evidence Series. Minneapolis: Search Institute.
Authors: Search Institute
2021
The State of Relationships: Young People’s Relationships with Adults in Minnesota Schools and Out-of-School Time Programs
[Insights & Evidence Series]. Minneapolis: Search Institute. Report for the Carlson Family Foundation.
Authors: A. A. Boat, A. K. Syvertsen, C Eisenberg
2020
Competing discourses of power in teachers’ stories of challenging relationships with students
Power and Education, 1-18. doi:10.1177/1757743820931118
Authors: R. Chamberlain, P. C. Scales, J. Sethi
2020
Effects of developmental relationships on middle-school students’ motivation and performance
Psychology in the Schools Doi.org/10.1002/pits.22350
Authors: P. C. Scales, M. Van Boekel, A. K. Syvertsen, E. C. Roehlkepartain
2020
Developmental relationships and school success: How teachers, parents, and friends affect educational outcomes and what actions students say matter most
Contemporary Educational Psychology
Authors: J. Sethi, P. C. Scales
2020
The Intersection of Developmental Relationships, Equitable Environments, and SEL
[Insights & Evidence Series]. Minneapolis, MN
Authors: Search Institute
2020
Defining and Measuring Social Capital for Young People: A Practical Review of the Literature on Resource-Full Relationships
Minneapolis: Search Institute. Report for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Authors: P. C. Scales, A. Boat, K. Pekel
2020
"It Was a Support Network System that Made Me Believe in Myself": Understanding Youth and Young Adults’ Experiences of Social Capital in Six Innovative Programs
Minneapolis: Search Institute. Report for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Authors: A. Boat, J. Sethi, C. Eisenberg, R. Chamberlain
2019
Academic year changes in student-teacher developmental relationships and their linkage to middle and high school students’ motivation: A mixed methods study
The Journal of Early Adolescence doi:10.1177/0272431619858414
Authors: P. C. Scales, K. Pekel, J. Sethi, R. Chamberlain, M. Van Boekel
2019
A place to belong: How youth think about growing up—and staying—in the Itasca area
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, and Grand Rapids, MN: SPARK—Stronger Futures for All.
Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain
2019
Good friends … Online & in person: How Itasca area youth think about friends and social media
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, and Grand Rapids, MN: SPARK—Stronger Futures for All.
Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain
2019
Helping kids thrive at home: How Itasca area youth experience strength and resilience in their relationships with parents and grandparents
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, and Grand Rapids, MN: SPARK—Stronger Futures for All.
Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain
2019
Learning through relationships: How strong connections with teachers propel student motivation in school
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, and Grand Rapids, MN: SPARK—Stronger Futures for All.
Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain
2019
Opportunities to grow: Relationships, activities, interests, and activities that engage Itasca area youth beyond the school day
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, and Grand Rapids, MN: SPARK—Stronger Futures for All.
Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain
2019
Moving Beyond Relationships Matter: An Overview of One Organization’s Work in Progress
Journal of Youth Development 14(4) doi:10.5195/jyd.2019.909
Authors: K. Pekel
2018
Finding the fluoride: Examining how and why developmental relationships are the active ingredient in interventions that work
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(5), 493-502. doi:10.1037/ort0000333
Authors: K. Pekel, E. C. Roehlkepartain, A. K. Syvertsen, P. C. Scales, T. K. Sullivan, J. Sethi
2018
Developmental assets and developmental relationships
In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781506307633.n211
Authors: P. C. Scales
2018
The contribution of nonfamily adults to adolescent well-being: A global research and policy perspective
In J. E. Lansford & P. Banati (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Authors: P. C. Scales
Digging into family relationships: What really matters?
Blog for the National Center for Families Learning
Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain
2018
Remember the relationships: The missing link that makes measures of students’ social and emotional learning more understandable and actionable
Blog for the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning
Authors: P. C. Scales, K. Pekel
2017
The Recipe of Youth Success
[Stanford Social Innovation Review] Stanford University, and Stanford Center on Philanthropy and Civil Society.
Authors: K. Pekel
2017
Getting relationships right: 55 leaders discuss what it will take to create schools and youth programs where developmental relationships thrive
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute
Authors: K. Pekel
2017
Beyond the family: How Itasca Area adults can–and do–create caring, strong connections with youth
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute, and Grand Rapids, MN: SPARK—Stronger Futures for All
Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain
2017
Relationships first: Creating connections that help young people thrive
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.34486.09282
Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain, K. Pekel, A. K. Syvertsen, J. Sethi, T. K. Sullivan, P. C. Scales
2017
A snapshot of developmental relationships between parents and youth
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute.
Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain, A. K. Syvertsen, C.-W. Yu
2017
High-quality OST activities and programs: Using the RISE approach (Relationships, interests and sparks, and empowerment) to promote thriving in youth and their settings
In H. J. Malone & T. Donahue (Eds.), The Growing Out-of-School Time Field: Past, Present, and Future. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing
Authors: P. C. Scales
2016
Thriving in school: The role of sixth-grade adolescent–parent–school relationships in predicting eighth-grade academic outcomes
Youth & Society, 48(6), 739-762. doi: 10.1177/0044118X13512858
Authors: D. F. Perkins, A. K. Syvertsen, C. Mincemoyer, S. M. Chilenski, J. R. Olson, E. Berrena, R. Spoth
2016
The dimensions of successful young adult development: A conceptual and measurement framework
Applied Developmental Science, 20 (3), 150-174. doi:10.1080/10888691.2015.1082429
Authors: P. C. Scales, P. L. Benson, S. Oesterle, K. Hill, J. D. Hawkins, T. J. Pashak
2016
Aligning youth development theory, measurement, and practice across cultures and contexts: Lessons from use of the Developmental Assets Profile
Child Indicators Research, 10(4),
Authors: P. C. Scales, E. C. Roehlkepartain, M. Shramko
2016
Developmental assets and sexual and reproductive health among 10-to 14-year-olds in Northern Uganda
International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 7(1), 45-64. doi:10.18357/ijcyfs.71201615416
Authors: P. C. Scales, M. Shramko, K. Ashburn
2016
The power of peer relationships: A study of peer programs in the United States (summary)
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute
Authors: T. K. Sullivan, J. Sethi, E. C. Roehlkepartain
2014
Community developmental assets and positive youth development: The role of natural mentors
Special issue on Familial and Non-Familial Relationships as Ecological Sources of Health and Positive Development Across the Life Span—A View of the Issues
Authors: S. S. O. Schwartz, C. S. Chan, J. E. Rhodes, P. C. Scales
2014
The interest-driven pursuits of 15-year-olds: “Sparks” and their association with caring relationships and developmental outcomes
Applied Developmental Science
Authors: A. Ben-Eliyahu, J. E. Rhodes, P. Scales