Publications
Search Institute publications provide a wealth of information and analysis to help you understand and strengthen relationships with young people. Below, you’ll find links to research-to-practice reports, peer-review publications, literature reviews, and scholarly articles that share and apply findings from our research.
2025
The role of teacher social-emotional support and student social-emotional skills in the reduction of adolescent ATOD use during the COVID-19 pandemic
Journal of Drug Education
Authors: P. C. Scales, A. K. Syvertsen
2024
Promoting Positive Youth Development through Sports: Pilot Test of Relational and Character-Based Team Culture Resources among Middle- and High-School Student Athletes
International Journal of Sport, Exercise and Health Research, 8(2)
Authors: P. C. Scales, N. Redmond, C. Lichtman, G. Lichtman, B. J. Houltberg, A. K. Syvertsen
2024
Validation of a youth social capital scale informed by positive youth development
Applied Developmental Science
Authors: A. A. Boat, M. D. Seward, Chen-Yu Wu, P. C. Scales
2024
The role of organized activities in supporting young people’s social capital development: A qualitative meta-synthesis
Adolescent Research Review
Authors: A. A. Boat, H. Poparad, M. Seward, P. C. Scales
2023
Effects of Developmental Relationships on the Well-Being of Youth in High-Stress Families
Family Relations, 72(5)
Authors: P. C. Scales, E. C. Roehlkepartain, B. J. Houltberg
2023
The Compete-Learn-Honor Approach to Coaching and Player Development: Promoting Performance Growth While Enhancing Well-Being
Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 14
Authors: P. C. Scales
2023
Thriving and Sparks
Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32132-5_199-2
Authors: P.C. Scales, N. Redmond, P.L. Benson
2022
Developmental Relationships and Student Motivation: Current Research and Future Directions
Handbook of Research on Student Engagement, 2nd ed.
Authors: P. C. Scales, K. Pekel, B. J. Houltberg
2022
The 3 Jobs of a Youth Sports Coach: Keep Them Safe, Give Them Fun, Help Them Grow
TrueSport/U.S
Authors: P. C. Scales
2022
Compete-Learn-Honor: A Psychological and Sport Science Evidence-Based Approach to Coaching and Player Development
International Tennis Federation Coaching and Sport Science Review
Authors: P. C. Scales
2022
Developmental Assets and Developmental Relationships
Encyclopedia of Adolescence, 2nd ed.
Authors: P. C. Scales, T-Y Hsieh, P. L. Benson
2022
Courage in the Time of Covid: The Power of the Performing Arts to Nurture Well-Being
Childhood Education Innovations, 98(5)
Authors: P. C. Scales
2022
Supportive Relationships Promote Social-Emotional Skills and Work Readiness among Rural, Out-of-School African Youth
Journal of Social Development in Africa, 37(1)
Authors: P. C. Scales, N. D'Sa, E. Gebru, C-Y Wu
2022
What Young Athletes Need for Mental Wellness: 'You Can’t Grow an Orchid from a Can of Sawdust'
Search Institute Blog
Authors: P. C. Scales
2022
The elements of Developmental Relationships: A review of selected research underlying the framework
The elements of Developmental Relationships: A review of selected research underlying the framework
Authors: Peter C. Scales, Eugene C. Roehlkepartain, Benjamin J. Houltberg
2022
A Comparison of Contexts: How the Performing Arts, Sports, and Nature Conservation Foster Positive Youth Development
A Comparison of Contexts: How the Performing Arts, Sports, and Nature Conservation Foster Positive Youth Development
Authors: Ashley A. Boat, Alyssa Scott, Peter C. Scales, Amy K. Syvertsen
2021
Relational social capital and educational equity among middle-school students: A person-centered analysis
Applied Developmental Science
Authors: P. Scales, M. Shramko, A. K. Syvertsen, A. A. Boat
2021
The role of social capital in promoting work readiness among opportunity youth
Children and Youth Services Review
Authors: A. A. Boat, A. K. Syvertsen, P. C. Scales
2020
Competing discourses of power in teachers’ stories of challenging relationships with students
Power and Education, 1-18. doi:10.1177/1757743820931118
Authors: R. Chamberlain, P. C. Scales, J. Sethi
2020
Effects of developmental relationships on middle-school students’ motivation and performance
Psychology in the Schools Doi.org/10.1002/pits.22350
Authors: P. C. Scales, M. Van Boekel, A. K. Syvertsen, E. C. Roehlkepartain
2020
Developmental relationships and school success: How teachers, parents, and friends affect educational outcomes and what actions students say matter most
Contemporary Educational Psychology
Authors: J. Sethi, P. C. Scales
2020
Positive development on campus: Investigating the psychometric properties of the College Assets Measurement Profile for Undergraduate Students
Journal of College Student Development
Authors: T. J. Pashak, P Handal, P. C. Scales
2020
Defining and Measuring Social Capital for Young People: A Practical Review of the Literature on Resource-Full Relationships
Minneapolis: Search Institute. Report for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Authors: P. C. Scales, A. Boat, K. Pekel
2019
Academic year changes in student-teacher developmental relationships and their linkage to middle and high school students’ motivation: A mixed methods study
The Journal of Early Adolescence doi:10.1177/0272431619858414
Authors: P. C. Scales, K. Pekel, J. Sethi, R. Chamberlain, M. Van Boekel
2019
The developmental assets framework revisited: Confirmatory analysis and invariance testing to create a new generation of assets measures for applied research
Applied Developmental Science [online first], 1-19. doi:10.1080/10888691.2019.1613155
Authors: A. K,. Syvertsen, P. C. Scales, R. B. Toomey
2019
Keep the fun in youth sports by helping kids love the game more than how they perform
Blog for the Positive Coaching Alliance.
Authors: P. C. Scales
2019
Mental and emotional training for tennis: Compete—learn—honor
Monterey, CA: Coaches Choice
Authors: P. C. Scales
2018
Developmental approach to work readiness for youth: Focus on transferable skills
In S. Verma & A. Petersen (Eds.), Developmental Science and Sustainable Development Goals for Children and Youth. Social Indicators Research Series, vol. 74. New York, NY: Springer.
Authors: N. D'Sa, P. C. Scales, E. Gebru
2018
Finding the fluoride: Examining how and why developmental relationships are the active ingredient in interventions that work
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(5), 493-502. doi:10.1037/ort0000333
Authors: K. Pekel, E. C. Roehlkepartain, A. K. Syvertsen, P. C. Scales, T. K. Sullivan, J. Sethi
2018
Developmental assets and developmental relationships
In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Lifespan Human Development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781506307633.n211
Authors: P. C. Scales
2018
The contribution of nonfamily adults to adolescent well-being: A global research and policy perspective
In J. E. Lansford & P. Banati (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Authors: P. C. Scales
2018
Remember the relationships: The missing link that makes measures of students’ social and emotional learning more understandable and actionable
Blog for the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning
Authors: P. C. Scales, K. Pekel
2017
The contribution of nonfamily adults to adolescent well-being: A global research and policy perspective
The Oxford Handbook of Adolescent Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy
Authors: P. C. Scales, E. C. Roehlkepartain
2017
A developmental assets approach in East Africa: Can Swahili measures capture adolescent strengths and supports?
Child & Youth Care Forum, 41(1). doi:10.1007/s10566-017-9415-0
Authors: C. F. Drescher, L. R. Johnson, A. S. Kurz, P. C. Scales, R. P. Kiliho
2017
Protective factors for the college years: Establishing the appropriateness of the Developmental Assets Model for emerging adults
Current Psychology, 37(1), doi:10.1007/s12144-016-9488-1
Authors: T. J. Pashak, P. J. Handal, P. C. Scales
2017
Seeking and finding positive youth development among Zulu youth in South African townships
Child Development 88(4)
Authors: K. D. Schwartz, L. Theron, P. C. Scales
2017
Relationships first: Creating connections that help young people thrive
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.34486.09282
Authors: E. C. Roehlkepartain, K. Pekel, A. K. Syvertsen, J. Sethi, T. K. Sullivan, P. C. Scales
2017
High-quality OST activities and programs: Using the RISE approach (Relationships, interests and sparks, and empowerment) to promote thriving in youth and their settings
In H. J. Malone & T. Donahue (Eds.), The Growing Out-of-School Time Field: Past, Present, and Future. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing
Authors: P. C. Scales
2016
The dimensions of successful young adult development: A conceptual and measurement framework
Applied Developmental Science, 20 (3), 150-174. doi:10.1080/10888691.2015.1082429
Authors: P. C. Scales, P. L. Benson, S. Oesterle, K. Hill, J. D. Hawkins, T. J. Pashak
2016
Aligning youth development theory, measurement, and practice across cultures and contexts: Lessons from use of the Developmental Assets Profile
Child Indicators Research, 10(4),
Authors: P. C. Scales, E. C. Roehlkepartain, M. Shramko
2016
Developmental assets and sexual and reproductive health among 10-to 14-year-olds in Northern Uganda
International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 7(1), 45-64. doi:10.18357/ijcyfs.71201615416
Authors: P. C. Scales, M. Shramko, K. Ashburn
2016
Parental, community, and familial support interventions to improve children’s literacy in developing countries: A systematic review
Campbell Systematic Reviews. 4. doi:10.4073/csr.2016.4
Authors: E. T. Spier, P.R. Britto, T. Pigott, E. C. Roehlkepartain, M. McCarthy, Y. Kidron, M. Song, P. C. Scales, D. Wagner, J. Lane, J. Glover
2016
Keep the fun in youth sports by helping kids love the game more than how they perform
[Blog for the Positive Coaching Alliance]
Authors: P. C. Scales
2015
Brief report: Assessing youth well-being in global emergency settings: Early results from the Emergency Developmental Assets Profile
Journal of Adolescence, 45, 98-102. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.09.002
Authors: P. C. Scales, E. C. Roehlkepartain, T. Wallace, A. Inselman, P. Stephenson, M. Rodriguez
2015
Don’t Forget the Families The Missing Piece in America’s Effort to Help All Children Succeed: Summary of Key Findings
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute.
Authors: K. Pekel, E. C. Roehlkepartain, A. K. Syvertsen, P. C. Scales
2015
Don’t forget the families: The missing piece in America’s effort to help all children succeed
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute.
Authors: K. Pekel, E. C. Roehlkepartain, A. K. Syvertsen, P. C. Scales
2015
Don’t forget the families—technical appendix
Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute.
Authors: A. K. Syvertsen, C.-Y. Wu, E. C. Roehlkepartain, P. C. Scales
2014
Community developmental assets and positive youth development: The role of natural mentors
Special issue on Familial and Non-Familial Relationships as Ecological Sources of Health and Positive Development Across the Life Span—A View of the Issues
Authors: S. S. O. Schwartz, C. S. Chan, J. E. Rhodes, P. C. Scales
2014
The interest-driven pursuits of 15-year-olds: “Sparks” and their association with caring relationships and developmental outcomes
Applied Developmental Science
Authors: A. Ben-Eliyahu, J. E. Rhodes, P. Scales
2014
Developmental Assets and the Promotion of Well-Being in Middle Childhood
Handbook of Child Well-Being. Theories, Methods and Policies in Global Perspective
Authors: P. C. Scales
2014
The Relation of Spiritual Development to Youth Health and Well-Being: Evidence from a Global Study
Handbook of Child Well-Being. Theories, Methods and Policies in Global Perspective
Authors: P. C. Scales, A. K. Syvertsen, P. L. Benson, E. C. Roehlkepartain, A. Sesma, Jr.